Rehabilitation covers the consequences of a broad range of diseases, surgical interventions, trauma and congenital disorders.

Most textbooks focus on the subacute phase and chronic phase of rehabilitation. However, in the acute phase it is important to determine long-term prognosis of functional level and accordingly to plan the next phase in the rehabilitation process. The definition of acute rehabilitation is the process of rehabilitative treatment that occurs within the first days and weeks after injury or illness.

According to the UN convention (2006- Article 25 and 26) health structures should provide those health services needed by persons with disabilities specifically because of their disabilities, including early identification and intervention as appropriate, and services designed to minimise and prevent further disabilities, including among children and older persons. To that end, Contracting Parties should organise, strengthen and extend comprehensive rehabilitation and rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas of health, employment, education and social services, in such a way that these services and programmes begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths.

Furthermore, in the acute phase many complications threaten the recovery of the patients and delay rehabilitation considerably. This book covers this acute phase and is written for physicians, but also for nurses and therapists involved in acute rehabilitation. The publication of this international textbook, dedicated to the first days and weeks of rehabilitation, is an important step in the development of our specialty of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.

It will hopefully contribute to the cooperation between all professionals involved in the management of acute patients. Also this book will be of importance for teaching medical students and residents in PRM. As president of the European Academy of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and as past president of the European Federation of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, I strongly recommend this book and I would like to congratulate the editors and authors on their impressive efforts.

Guy Vanderstraeten

Editors: Henk J. Stam (chief editor), Muzaffer Buyruk, John L. Melvin, Gerold Stucki, Irene Burggraaf (managing editor)

This book is published by
VitalMed Medical Book Publishing
Acute Medical Rehabilitation© Volume I (2012) and II (2019) Text Book
ISBN 978-605-87045-0-3

1 Introduction to Acute Medical Rehabilitation / 13

2 Spinal Cord Injury / 19

3 Stroke / 49

4 Acquired Brain Injury / 75

5 Upper Limb Amputation / 93

6 Lower Limb Amputation /107

7 Blast Related Trauma / 131

8 Burns /149

9 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Type-I  / 173

10 Hip Fracture / 183

11 Brachial Plexus Lesions / 203

12 Myocardial Infarction / 217

13 Multitrauma  /  231

14 Cardiac Transplantation  /   251

15 Renal, Pulmonary and Hepatic Transplantation /  269

16 Trauma of Hand and Wrist  / 311

17 Low Back Pain  /   341

18 Heterotopic Ossification / 358

19 Contractures  /  371

20 Venous Thromboembolic Events /  377

21 Neurobehavioural Disorders / 411

22 Pressure Ulcers / 419

23 Critical Care Settings / 433

24 Bedside Cognitive Assessment /  447

25 Prehabilitation: exercise therapy before major surgery / 455

26 Guillain-Barré Syndrome; a patient’s perspective/ 473

Contents Volume II

27 Rehabilitation after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty / 19
28 Rehabilitation Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty / 47
29 Back Surgery / 69
30 Shoulder Pain / 81
31 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / 95
32 Neck Pain / 115
33 Rheumatologic Diseases / 129
34 Post-Stroke Spasticity Management with Botulinum Toxins and Intrathecal Baclofen / 153
35 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / 175
36 Conservative Treatment of the Tetraplegic Hand / 197
37 Surgical Management of Arm and Hand in Tetraplegia / 215
38 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / 225
39 Disorders of Swallowing / 253
40 Acute Medical Rehabilitation in the Developing World / 273
41 Acute Medical Rehabilitation in Low-Resource Countries / 283
42 Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with Primary or Metastatic Brain Tumors / 311
43 Guillain-Barré Syndrome / 333
44 Malnutrition, Undernourishment in Neurological and Neurosurgical Patients / 353
45 Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Acute Rehabilitation / 383
46. Guideline for Pediatric Physiotherapy Following Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Improving Mobility in Ambulatory Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy / 391

Cynthia D. Ang-Muňoz, MD, FPARM Manilla Doctors Hospital Philippines

Matthew N. Bartels, MD, MPHJohn Alexander Downey Professor of Clinical Rehabilitation MedicineNew York Presbyterian Medical Center, Rehabilitation and Regenerative MedicineNew York, USA 

Coen van Bennekom, PhD, MDRehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Acquired Brain Injury DepartmentWijk aan Zee, The Netherlands 

Bipin Bhakta, BSc, MD, FRCPCharterhouse Professor of Rehabilitation/Consultant Physician in Rehabilitation Medicine/Specialty Lead in Rehabilitation MedicineAcademic Department of Rehabilitation MedicineLeeds, United Kingdom 

Peter R.G. Brink, PhD, MDProfessor of Surgery, especially in TraumatologyMaastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands 

Helena Burger, MD, PhDProfessorUniversity Rehabilitation Institute, Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia 

H.Muzaffer Buyruk, MD, PhDErasmus University Rotterdam, The NetherlandsVitalMed Bodrum Rehabilitation Services, Bodrum, Turkey 

David X. Cifu, MDNational Director, PM&R Program OfficeDepartment of Veterans AffairsChairman and Professor, Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA 

Mahesh Cirasanambati, MRCSConsultant in Rehabilitation MedicineNorth Staffordshire Rehabilitation Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom 

Karsten E. Dreinhöfer, MDDepartment of Orthopedics and Traumatology,

Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle, Berlin, Germany

Jaap .J. Dronkers, MScGelderse Vallei HospitalEde, The Netherlands 

Wagih S. El Marsi(y), FRCS ED, FRCPProfessor, RJ & AH Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation TrustOswestry, United Kingdom

Peter C. Esselman, MD, MPTProfessor and ChairUniversity of Washington, Department of Rehabilitation MedicineSeattle, USA 

Leah Farrel-Carnahan, PhDDirector, Traumatic Brain Injury Model System ResearchHunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Hospital: Richmond, Virginia, USAAffiliate Faculty, Department of PM&RVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA 

Veronika Fialka-Moser, MD, PhDMedical University of Vienna, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria

Manfred Frey, MD, PhDMedical University of Vienna, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vienna, Austria

Jan H.B. Geertzen, MD, PhDProfessor, University Medical Center GroningenDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands 

Alexander C.H. Geurts, MD, PhDProfessor, RehabilitationRadboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

Martina Grim-Stieger, MDWilheminenspital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria 

Bea Hemmen, MD, PhDMaastricht University Medical Centre, Rehabilitation MedicineMaastricht, The Netherlands 

Malvina Herceg, MDMedical University of Vienna, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria 

Mascha Hohenadel, MDDepartment of Musculoskeletal Prevention, Rehabilitation and Health Services Research Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery at Charité Universitätsmedizin and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 

Brian M. Kelly, D.O.Associate Professor, Medical Director, Adult Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity of Michigan Health System, Physical Medicine and RehabilitationAnn Arbor, USA 

Helmut Kern, MD, PhDWilheminenspital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria 

Friedbert Kohler, MBBS, FAFRMDept of RehabilitationMedicine, Braeside Hospital, Locked Bag 82, Wetherill Park, NSW, 2164Australia

Michel H. Koops, MScClinical Psychologist, PsychotherapistRijndam Rehabilitation Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 

Naveen Kumar, M B B S, D’ORTH, DNB (ORTH), MRCS Ed & FEBPRMConsultant in Spinal Injuries & Rehabilitation MedicineRJ & AH Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation TrustOswestry, United Kingdom 

Annette A.A. van Kuijk, MD, PhDRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreRehabilitation (898)Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

Gert Kwakkel, MD, PhDProfessor, VU University Medical CenterRehabilitation MedicineAmsterdam, The Netherlands 

Barbara J. de Lateur, MD, MSLawrence Cardinal Shehan Professor and Director Emerita; Distinguished Service Professor, The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Baltimore, USA 

Angela McNamara, MB, BCH, BAO, FRCPI, FRCP, FEBPRM, ABPMR National Rehabilitation Hospital, Dublin, Ireland 

Shane McNamee, MDChief (assistant professor), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ServiceHunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Hospital: Richmond, VirginiaAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA 

Jetty van Meeteren, MD, PhDDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Rory J. O’Connor, MD MEd FRCP FHEASenior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Physician in Rehabilitation MedicineLeeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of LeedsLeeds, United Kingdom 

Bryan O’Young, MDClinical Professor of Rehabilitation MedicineRusk Institute of Rehabilitation MedicineBrooklyn, USA 

Tatjana Paternostro-Sluga, MD, PhDMedical University of Vienna, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria 

Roberto S.G.M. Perez, PhD, PTAssociate professor Pain, Pain Therapy and Palliative Care researchVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Susan Pieri-Davies, MCSP; MSc; PGCILTH

Consultant AHP / Lead Clinician Ventilatory SupportSouthport and Formby District General Hospital Southport, United Kingdom

Rosemary Prosser, MSc, BAppSc(phty), CHTSydney Hand Therapy and Rehabilitation Centre Australia, Sydney, Australia 

Gerard M. Ribbers, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, Rotterdam Neurorehabilitation ResearchRijndam Rehabilitation Centre & Erasmus MCRotterdam, The Netherlands 

James Sanderlin, MDDSenior Resident Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 

Ton A.R. Schreuders, PT, PhDErasmus University Rotterdam, The NetherlandsZeeuws Hand & Pols Centrum, Goes, The Netherlands 

Wendy S. Shore, PhDJohns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsPhysical Medicine and RehabilitationBaltimore, USA 

Henk J. Stam, MD, PhD, FRCPProfessor of Rehabilitation MedicineDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Karin Valkenet, MScUniversity Medical Center UtrechtRehabilitation, Nursing Science and SportUtrecht, The Netherlands 

Luc Vandenbossche, MD, PhDGhent University HospitalPhysical and Rehabilitation MedicineGent, Belgium 

Guy Vanderstraeten, MD, PhD, FRCPDean of the Faculty and Professor in Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium

Anne J.M.A. Visser-Meily, MD, PhDUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtRehabilitation, Nursing Science & SportsUtrecht, The Netherlands 

Anthony B. Ward, BSc, MD, FRCPEd, FRCPProfessor of Rehabilitation MedicineConsultant in Rehabilitation Medicine/DirectorNorth Staffordshire Rehabilitation Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom 

Mark A. Young, MD, MBA, FACPThe Maryland Rehabilitation CentreThe Johns Hopkins UniversityWhite Marsh, USA

Erik Aerts, RN Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich,
Rämistrasse 100 / Ost4 E, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland

John Alex School of Health and Related Research , University of Sheffield, Sheffield , UK

Sonia Andrianabela Non Communicable Diseases Department, Ministry of Health, Madagascar

Linda E. Arslanian, PT, DPT, MS Director, Department of Rehabilitation Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA

Ayçe Atalay, MD, Professor Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, İstanbul, Turkey

Gülçin Babaoğlu. MD. Anesthesiologist and research fellow in pain medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara Research and Training Hospital, Algology Clinic, Ankara, Turkey

Jules Becher Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Johan Bellemans Department Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium

Eling D. de Bruin, PhD, Human Movement Scientist, PT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland

H.Muzaffer Buyruk, MD, PhD Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands VitalMed Bodrum Rehabilitation Services, Bodrum, Turkey

Anna Cantrell School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

M. Anne Chamberlain University of Leeds, UK

Steven Claes Leuven University Hospitals, Department of orthopaedic surgery, Campus Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium

Reyhan Çeliker, MD, Professor Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, İstanbul, Turkey

Annet Dallmeijer Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Bart Dingenen Reval Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium

Yannis Dionyssiotis Rehabilitation Center “Aghios Loukas o Iatros”, Trikala Thessaly, University of Athens, 1st Department of Orthopaedics,
General University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece

Mehmet Tuncay Duruöz, MD Marmara University School of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Istanbul , Turkey

Pam Enderby Deparment of Health Service Research, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Eduardo Hernandes Fernandes Physiatrist-in-Chief at Cristo Redentor Trauma Hospital (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation)

Deborah Julie Franklin, CLT, MD, PhD, Diplomate American Board of PM&R
Clinical Associate Professor Rehabilitation Medicine, Board of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Health System

Jan Fridén, M.D., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Hand Surgery Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden

Esra Giray, MD. Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul, Turkey

Andreas Gohritz, MD. Department of Hand Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Guido A. Zäch Str. 1, Nottwil CH-6207, Switzerland

Prof. Selmin Gulbahar MD. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey

Andrew John Haig Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Medical Director, e-Health. The University of Michigan, USA

Levent Ertuğrul İnan MD. Prof.Dr. Neurologist and pain specialist
Department of Neurology, Ministry of Health Ankara Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

F. Khan Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Park Campus, Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Ruud H. Knols, PhD, PT Directorate of Research and Education & Physiotherapy-Occupational Therapy, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 25, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Peter J. Millett, MD, MSc Associate Surgeon, Director of Shoulder Surgery,
Steadman Hawkins Clinic, 181 West Meadow Drive, Vail, CO.

L. Ng Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital,
Royal Park Campus, Poplar Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sue Pownall Speech and Language Therapy Department,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

Stephan Praet University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Cnr Allawoona St & Ginninderra Drive Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia

Eugene Rameckers Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Jean-Jacques Renaud Rakotonirainy Médecin traitant au Service de re-education Fonctionnelle Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Adrianavalona  (HJRA), Madagascar

Harisoanirina Elisas Ramhenina Directeur Adjoint Technique Centre d’Appareillage de Madagascar (CAM)

Iréne Randriamampianina Chef de service médical Centre d’Appareillage de Madagascar (CAM)

Fabienne Schasfoort Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Urs Schanz, MD Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Melina Kaster Schwantz Medical Resident in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Cristo Redentor Trauma Hospital (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation)

Filip Staes Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium

Henk J. Stam, MD, PhD, FRCP Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy,
Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Rob Tamminga Medicort Sports and Orthopedic Care, Utrecht/Naarden, The Netherlands

Hanzade Aybüke Ünal Artık. MD. Neurologist and research fellow in pain medicine, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri, Turkey

Johanna Wangdell, OT PhD. Centre of Advanced Reconstruction of Extremities, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

Anthony B. Ward, BSc, MD, FRCPEd, FRCP Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, Consultant in Rehabilitation Medicine/Director, North Staffordshire Rehabilitation Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom

Reg B. Wilcox III, PT, DPT, MS Clinical Supervisor, Outpatient Services, Department of Rehabilitation Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Zileli Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey